Abstract Background Vitamin D is widely studied in multiple sclerosis (MS), yet its clinical relevance for disability and relapse activ ity remains uncertain, particularly in underrepresented populations. Objective To examine whether serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] levels are associated with disability or relapse activ ity in a multicenter cohort of Libyan adults with MS. Methods In a cross-sectional cohort of adults with MS (n = 369), the exposure was 25(OH)D scaled per 10 ng/mL (vitD10). Primary outcomes were the continuous Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) and annualized relapse rate (ARR). We prespecified equivalence margins of ± 0.30 EDSS points and ± 0.25 ARR units, and fitted multivariable models adjusted for demographic, clinical, lifestyle, and treatment-related factors using HC3 robust standard errors. Two one-sided tests (TOST) were used to evaluate equivalence. Results For continuous EDSS, effect estimates were small and the 90% confidence interval lay within the ± 0.30 margin, supporting equivalence. Results for ARR were similarly within the prespecified ± 0.25 margin.There was little evidence of non-linearity, and sensitivity analyses, including measurement-error correction, did not materially change the findings. An exploratory threshold analysis at EDSS ≥ 4 suggested a small increase in odds (OR 1.47, 95% CI 1.01–2.15), which was not supported by continuous analyses and should be interpreted cautiously. Conclusions In this cross-sectional study, differences in 25(OH)D were unlikely to correspond to clinically meaningful dif ferences in disability. These findings suggest the absence of clinically meaningful effects on established disability, while not excluding potential roles in inflammatory activity or earlier disease processes. Ph

Abstract

Background: The "iron allergy hypothesis" suggests insufficient iron stores drive T-helper 2 polarisation and promote IgE sensitisation. We studied the association between serum ferritin and total IgE categories among Libyan children with recurrent wheeze. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at Ali Omar Asker Hospital (Tripoli, Libya) from January 2023 to February 2026.Investigated 150 children aged 2-16 years diagnosed with recurrent wheezing. Serum ferritin and total IgE levels were classified as normal, low, or high based on laboratory ranges. Statistical analysis was performed using Pearson’s Chi-square, Fisher’s exact and Spearman’s rank correlation tests. Results: Among the 150 children, 23.8% had low ferritin, 76.2%were normal, and none were high. Overall, 54.7% had high IgE levels. The results showed IgE levels were nearly the same in both the normal and low ferritin groups (55.6% vs. 54.8%). This difference was not significant (χ² = 0.089, p = 0.912). Also, Spearman’s test confirmed no correlation between the two measures (rho = 0.012, p = 0.883).In subgroups, boys had a significantly higher rate of high IgE than girls (62.5% compared to 43.5%; p = 0.032). Regarding age, high IgE was found in 47.7% of children aged 2-6 years, 56.9% aged 7-11 years, and 58.5% aged 12-16 years. However, these variations were not statistically significant (p = 0.645). Finally, patient atopy and family history showed no significant links to ferritin or IgE levels.

Conclusion: Our study found no association between serum ferritin and total IgE levels in Libyan children with recurrent wheeze. However, the finding of male predominance in elevated IgE warrants more investigation. Further studies are needed to clarify nutrition-immunity interactions in pediatric respiratory diseases.

Toxoplasmosis is a worldwide contagious disease of humans and other warm-blooded animals, including birds. Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) is an obligate intracellular protozoan parasite responsible for Toxoplasmosis disease, which is clinically manifested chiefly in pregnant women and people with weakened immune systems. Clinical complications include abortion and stillbirths, encephalitis, pneumonia, brain and eye damage, and neonatal mortality. The genus Toxoplasma was first proposed in 1908 by Nicolle and Manceaux following the identification of asexual stages of similar parasites in the tissues of birds and mammals, and merozoites in the blood of North African rodents, Ctenodactylus gundi. At about the same time, Splendore independently described Toxoplasma in laboratory rabbits in Sao Paulo, Brazil, and Darling probably found it in man in Panama in the same year. Although several species were named, during the 1930s, it was shown that these were identical to the type species T. gondii. During the 1960, scientists provided evidence for the coccidian nature of the parasite. Then, between 1960 and 1970, the heterogeneous life cycle was elucidated by the discovery of sexual stages in the small intestine of cats, which followed the induction of infection in intermediate hosts by inoculation with cat feces. This review seeks to study the parasite and its responsibility to cause disease, condition prevalence, clinical manifestations accompanied by infection, and treatment protocols.

Nanotechnology is a modern technology and has many applications that include the manufacture of molecules or particles in the range of the nanoscale. Nanotechnology from the Greek word nano, meaning "dwarf". Nanoparticles are defined as single particles whose dimensions do not exceed 100 nanometers. The unique properties and features of nanoparticles are due to their small size, in addition to their chemical composition and surface structure. Different materials at the nanoscale lead to the development of new properties in industrial products, resulting in a real and impressive increase in industrial and medical applications. In this review, we will learn about this technology, its history, and the characteristics and shapes of nanoparticles. The focus will be on the application of nanotechnology in medicine, particularly in engineering living tissues with nanoscale scaffolds that simulate the functions of the extracellular matrix (ECM) to promote tissue recovery, replacement, and regeneration. It turns out that stem cells attached to a scaffold are more successful in adapting to their environment and performing the task of regeneration. The nerve endings in the body are attached to the scaffolding by weaving between the openings. This will cause them to act as a bridge to connect the cut sections. Over time, the scaffolds will dissolve and exit the body safely, leaving intact nerves in place. Some of the successfully used scaffolds are briefly identified, such as bone scaffolds, cardiac muscle scaffolds, and spinal cord engineering.

Toxoplasmosis is a worldwide contagious disease of humans and other warm-blooded animals, including birds. Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) is an obligate intracellular protozoan parasite responsible for Toxoplasmosis disease, which is clinically manifested chiefly in pregnant women and people with weakened immune systems. Clinical complications include abortion and stillbirths, encephalitis, pneumonia, brain and eye damage, and neonatal mortality. The genus Toxoplasma was first proposed in 1908 by Nicolle and Manceaux following the identification of asexual stages of similar parasites in the tissues of birds and mammals, and merozoites in the blood of North African rodents, Ctenodactylus gundi. At about the same time, Splendore independently described Toxoplasma in laboratory rabbits in Sao Paulo, Brazil, and Darling probably found it in man in Panama in the same year. Although several species were named, during the 1930s, it was shown that these were identical to the type species T. gondii. During the 1960, scientists provided evidence for the coccidian nature of the parasite. Then, between 1960 and 1970, the heterogeneous life cycle was elucidated by the discovery of sexual stages in the small intestine of cats, which followed the induction of infection in intermediate hosts by inoculation with cat feces. This review seeks to study the parasite and its responsibility to cause disease, condition prevalence, clinical manifestations accompanied by infection, and treatment protocols.

Nanotechnology is a modern technology and has many applications that include the manufacture of molecules or particles in the range of the nanoscale. Nanotechnology from the Greek word nano, meaning "dwarf". Nanoparticles are defined as single particles whose dimensions do not exceed 100 nanometers. The unique properties and features of nanoparticles are due to their small size, in addition to their chemical composition and surface structure. Different materials at the nanoscale lead to the development of new properties in industrial products, resulting in a real and impressive increase in industrial and medical applications. In this review, we will learn about this technology, its history, and the characteristics and shapes of nanoparticles. The focus will be on the application of nanotechnology in medicine, particularly in engineering living tissues with nanoscale scaffolds that simulate the functions of the extracellular matrix (ECM) to promote tissue recovery, replacement, and regeneration. It turns out that stem cells attached to a scaffold are more successful in adapting to their environment and performing the task of regeneration. The nerve endings in the body are attached to the scaffolding by weaving between the openings. This will cause them to act as a bridge to connect the cut sections. Over time, the scaffolds will dissolve and exit the body safely, leaving intact nerves in place. Some of the successfully used scaffolds are briefly identified, such as bone scaffolds, cardiac muscle scaffolds, and spinal cord engineering.

Background:

Vitamin D deficiency estimated to affect 50% of worldwide population of different civilizations and age groups.

Aim:

This retrospective cross-sectional study aimed to determine the prevalence and associated risk factors of vitamin D deficiency among residents of the Aljabal Algharbi region in Libya.

Methods:

A total of 657 laboratory test results were analyzed from patients in six cities: Gharian, Alasabaa, Alzintan, Jadu, Nalut, and Yafrin, covering the period from 2021 to 2024. Patient demographic data, including age and gender, were collected. According to clinical records, all tests were conducted using the Elecsys Vitamin D III Total kit for quantifying serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] levels. Vitamin D deficiency was defined as a serum 25(OH)D level of <30 ng/mL, while levels between 30–100 ng/mL were considered sufficient.

Results:

Overall, 506 patients (77%) were found to be vitamin D deficient. The prevalence was significantly higher in females (80%, 366/460) than in males (71%, 140/197) (p < 0.05). Among age groups, the highest deficiency rate (85%) was observed in individuals aged 31–50 years (p < 0.05), while the lowest was recorded in children aged 0-5 years. Multivariate analysis revealed that females (OR: 1.162, 95% CI: 1.015–1.330) and individuals aged 31–50 years (OR: 3.004, 95% CI: 1.197–7.537) were at significantly higher risk of deficiency.

Conclusion:

This study highlights a critical need for targeted public health interventions in the region. A coordinated effort involving healthcare providers, policymakers, and communities is essential to improve vitamin D status and mitigate the associated health risks.

The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency has recently been recognized in different parts of the world, even affecting healthy populations. The deficiency of vitamin D can lead to rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults. No studies have been done in Gharyan city to evaluate the status of vitamin D among the population. So, this work aims to estimate the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in the city, which is essential to maintaining the health of populations in general. This was a survey study conducted from September 2024 to December 2024, at some laboratories in the city: Alkama. Alnahda, Ayouser, Aldaka and Mashfa Gharyian. During the study period, 1718 analysis tests results of vitamin D were collected, classified to six groups according to age and characterized by measures of central tendency. The results showed that the age of the cases ranged from newborns to about 97 years, 30% males and 70 % females. Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among female was more than males in all aged groups of the cases, about 62 % of the cases had low vitamin D levels (less than 30 ng/ml), the high level was 0.45% and 37% were at normal range. But the patients in categories 4, 5 had the highest number of cases. Spreading awareness among the population about the importance and vital role of the vitamin, explaining the risks of vitamin D deficiency and associated diseases among the population were recommended to reduce the Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in Gharyan city

Laparoscopy is the technique of using the "pneumoperitoneum" process to 

extend and examine the abdominal cavity using CO2. Laparoscopic and other 

procedures produce pain, which varies in intensity, duration, and type. 

Crystalloid fluid types, for instance, Normal saline (NS) and Ringer's lactate 

(RL) solution, aid in reducing laparoscopic pain. Therefore, the research 

explores intraperitoneal crystalloid solutions in reducing post-laparoscopic 

surgery shoulder pain. The research adopted a prospective, single-blind study 

based on a single-center, randomized, and parallel research design. A total of 

80 diagnosed patients (40 subjects in each arm) with laparoscopic surgery 

were randomly recruited at Zintan Medical Center, Alzintan, Libya. Patients 

were equally divided into Group A (crystalloid solutions) and Group B (routine 

measures) and were assessed through self-administered pain scores. 

Through the numeric rating scale (NRS), the research findings revealed 

significant pain intensity differences between Groups A and B at 6, 12, 24, 

48, and 72 hours. In contrast, no significant difference in pain was observed 

between groups A and B on the fourth and fifth days. Additionally, lower pain 

intensity was observed in group A than in group B; at 6 hours, the mean pain 

score for group A and B measured 2.55 and 6.40 at 6 hours, respectively. The 

intraperitoneal crystalloid solutions infusion aids in reducing pain severity 

among laparoscopic surgery patients. Future research should address 

extended follow-up periods to determine the effects of NS and RL 

interventions. Moreover, stakeholders should implement Ringer's lactate 

solution (RL) to reduce post-laparoscopic complications

One of the main causes of non-traumatic neurological disability in young adults worldwide is multiple sclerosis (MS), a chronic immune-mediated demyelinating and neurodegenerative disorder of the central nervous system (CNS). Increasing absolute prevalences seen in recent epidemiological trends from 2021 to 2025, while age-standardized rates are stabilizing due to improved diagnostics, survival, and demographic shifts. The current narrative review's objective is to examine high-caliber studies conducted globally between 2021 and 2025 that address the epidemiology, burden, and different risk factors related to multiple sclerosis (MS), with an emphasis on the effects of age, gender, ethnicity, and other interacting factors. Key Findings: Global prevalence of~1.89 million cases in 2021 (age-standardized rate: 23.9 per 100,000), with ~62,000 new cases each year; female-to-male ratio of ~3:1. DALYs are up by 43% from 1990, but with a trend downward for age-standardized rates with advances in management. Incidence is framed by disparities with higher rates for Whites (77% of the U.S.) than Black (10%), followed by Hispanic (7%) cases, and also high levels of radiological severity, handicap, and poor outcomes for ethnic minorities of these groups. Age of peak incidence progresses to older groups for individuals aged 20-40 years. Genetic underpinnings with large effects (e.g., HLA-DRB1*15:01 for ~48% of heritability), strong susceptibility to Epstein-Barr virus infection (near ubiquity at onset; 32-fold increase for molecular mimicry), vitamin D deficiency, smoking, obesity, and altered gut microbiomes are environmental components of risk. Incidence is seen to decline modestly for age-standardized incidence rates, mortality rates, and DALYs through 2035. From this review, the emphasis on MS as a partially preventable disease falls within the context of a rising absolute prevalence and existing inequities in the field. Future complementary strategies should therefore encompass a wide range of populations as well as risk modification measures such as EBV-related therapies and smoking cessation.